߬ Ѯ 쿬
Ἷ
߬
ӫѡ
1896
ѡ ӫѡ
28
ߴ ӫѡ
9
ԫ ӫѡ
߫߬ ., ߫߬ ., .ӿ߽
ӫԫѮ
ɫߴ ѽ Կ Ѽ ѽ 쿬 ӫ
һ ӿ ѫ. ӿ ѫ ٽ ѽѮ.
ӫ Ѵ, ٽ ١ ǽѬ.
Ѭ ӿ߽ իߴ ԡٮ Ҫ߬ ԫ-ӿӿ
("ӿ߬ "), ԫٮ ԫ Ѯ ѼѮ.
ẫ Ѯ ӿ.
ū һ իү Ѽӿ
ԫ
[
1
]
ӫԫѮ ߬ Ѯ 쿬
[
1920.
]
[
1920.
]
[
1950-
]
[
1978.
]
ẫ
߬ ի Ѽӿ
1917
Ĭ իү Ѽӿ 1917.
߬ ի ǬѼ
һѡ
1917
1918
ū߽ Ѽӿ һ ߬ү իү ǬѼ.
Ὣ ᬫ ԫ . Ե, ᬪ
Կ ӫ
ӫ
߫߬ ., ߫߬ ., .ӿ߽
1918
1920
ӡ , ѡߴ ӫ, ӫիѮ
ѽ Կ Ѽ
Ҭѡ
Ѯ
1920
ԫ
߫
ԫ Ҭ
տѻ߬ ߬ ߫߬ ӫ (ƿԫ)
Ҫѡ
߫߬ ., ߫߬ ., .ӿ߽
Ѯ
1920
1927
ӿ߬ ., ѻӫ߬ . (߫߬ .), .ӯ߬ (Ѫ ǽެ, ѻӫ߬)
ѡ
䫽
ٮ
1927
1937
. ߽Ҫ ӯ߬ 10 .
1929 (1930?). . ެ ӫ .
19321933. Ҽӽ .
߫߬ ., .ӯ߬
1937
ѡ
4
ߴ
8
Ҫѡ
.
/.
/1937
.5810
ӿ
8
ᬽѡ
߫߬ ., .ӯ߬, ԯ
1937
ѡ
4
ߴ
8
1937
ߴ
8
߬ Ѯ ӫѽ ԡ ԯ.
ٽ Իѡ ԿѮ Ҫѡ ӫի ߫.
ӿ ߬:
" Ҫѡ Ի ӫի ߫, ԫ ߿ѽ
ӫի ᬽѡټ ѻѡ ӫ.
ӡ, ԫ ٽ ԡ ү , Ѽ
ҽߴ. Ҽߴ Ѽ, ԫ ӿ.
Ѻ Ѭԫӫ Ѽ ٽ Ҫѡ 58 ("") 8
Իѡ ٽ 諽ټ"
߫, ԯ
1937
1937
߫߬ ԯ Ҫѡ Ѻ ߯ Ѻ 諽ټ.
ѻެ, Ԭ, Ҫߡ ߽
ӿ߬ , ի,
ū߽ ޡ ѡ ᬽѡ ӿٽ ի.
Һ ӯ, , ԫ ѽ ٽ ӫԴ ,
Ѻ
߬ ., Խ, 諽ټ߬
諽ټ ߽ ٽ Ҫߡ: Ԭ ӫ, , , ѡ
Ҽ Ѫ. ѻ ڿ . ԫ
ԫ ᬽѡ. Ѻ ٽ ᡫѡ ӫӿѽ,
ԫ Ҽ.
ެ ., ӫ, ߽ ὫԡѮ
ѽ Ѻ ߴ . ƫ Ѻ 8
ߴ ӿ Ӭ . Ӵ Դѽ
ѡ, Ѯ, Ѯ Ὣ ҽӡ Ի ٽ ..
ӿ߽ᡡ ѡ ٽ , ,
ү .
ԼԿ, ԫ , ᬽѡ, ԡ߿ .
ᬿ-ԫ ѡѼ.
ӫѼ ., ߽ ӫѼ, ٽ ߫ѡ Դѽ .
ڿ Ѽ ӿի ѽ .
ѫԡ ҽ ԫ ٽ ѡ ,
Կ. ߬ ٽ Ӻ.
ԫ ѽ, ٽ , ԫ .
߽ ԫ ٽ ѡ ѽ-ٮ .
߿ Ҫ ٽ ի, ӫ.
ᬽѡ ٽ . իӫ , ԫ
ٽ ի .
ƫ Ѫ . ٪.
ᬽѡ ԫ ԫӴ:
" Ҽ, Ѽ ѽ " (.117.17).
ٽ ѡ 1940-
Ҫѡ
ѡ߬ (Ὣ߬) ., .ҽ, Ӭ ߬ѡ ӿԫ
ѡ
1945
ū ӿ ,
߽ ѡ . Ѻᬫٮ ӫ ҽ ѡ߬ .
꺼ѡٮ, , ٮ, ᡡٮ, ٽ Ѻ ߴ
. Ӭ ٽ, .
߬ Ѯ ӫѽ . ġ Ҫ ٽ Կ, ߫Ѽ
ի, , ټ ẫ, Կ ެ, ԫ
ӫ. ġ Ѫ , , Һ, ԫ
ѡ, ӿ߿, ԫ ԫ .
ᬫ ߫ԫ ӫ ߬ ߴ.
Ѽ ѻ, ԫ һѼ ѡ߬ տѮ
٬ . ٬ ѡ իӫޫ ӿ Ѻ ߴ Ҽѡԫ,
(ԫ ߫ ߽ Ե ڿ ᬫټ ߬ ǬѼ) ạ
ѡ ҽ, Ҫ ٽ ӫ .
ѡ ӫ Ӭ ٽ ѡ Դѽ, Ὣ ӫӿὫ,
ᬪ ӫѽѮ. , Ѯ , ѽ ӫ, Ӭ ٽ
ӫѡ ѡ ߬ѡ ӿԫ.
ѵ ԫ Ѽ :
" ѡ Ѯ ẽҬ ٽ ԡ ѡ ѽ, ԫ Ὣ
, Ѫѽ, ߬ ѫӿ. Կ, ѡ
ԫ 衿, Ѫ. ѫիٮ ԡ
ޡ , Ѻ߿ ޡ ߽".
Ѯѽ, ߿ Ѽ
ѡ (Ὣ), 쿬߬ ٮ ߫
ӫԫѮ
䫽
ԫѽ, ٮ
1945
1949
1945., ѡ ӿٽ ڿ տѮ ٬ ҿ (Ѽ߬),
. ٽ ѡ ԫѽѼ ߫ ټ.
쿬߬ ٮ ߫ ٽ ԫ үڿ ԫ
ޫ ӫ.
. ѽ ߽Ҫѡ ᪿ ӿի߬
.
٬ ҿ ѡ ߽Ҫ, ߽Ҫ ٽ ԫӪѡټ,
Ѽ ߽߫Ҫ 1520 ѡ. ., ԫѽ ߫, ѡ
ٽ Ѽ ߽.
ѡ߽Ҫѽ ٽ ߡ Ѻ ѵ ի ẫ,
. Ѽѡ ѽ ẫ Ѯ.
. ѡ ӫ ѡ, ү ӿի ѽ
Ҭ.
ӫ ٽ իټ ԡټ.
٬ ҿ ٽ ի. իԴ ٽ ѻ
Ӭ , ѡٮ ٽ ߫. ٽ ڿߴ.
ѡԴ 1948. ٽ ԫ ٬ ҿ.
Ѻ Ѭԫӫ Ѽ . ٽ ѡ ᮵ѡ
ѡ߬ (Ὣ߬) .
ӫԫѮ
1948
1949
Ѻ ӿ ߴ ߽ ԫ . ԫ
ԫ ߡٮ Ҭѡ
ѡ
1947
ѡ
13
ߴ
4
Ѽ ѡ
Ѯ ӿ ǽѬ߿ I (濼߬)
ٽ ѡ ԫ տ ԡү ߬ү Ѵѽ
ѡ߬ (Ὣ߬) .
1949
ԡ ӿ ԫ ., ߽Ҫ ,
ӫ ߽Ҫ
Ҫѡ
.
/.
/1949
ӿ
3
ᬽѡ
Ѽӫ߬ ., ƿҽ߬ ., .ӿҽ,
1949
1952
ӿҽ իߴ ӿ߬.
. Ѽ. ٽ Դѽ. ū ٽ ѡ
ѽѡ
Ѽӫ߬ ., ӿ߬ , ѽѡ
1952
ѽѡ ԡ߬ , ټ.
ٽ ѡ
Ҫѡ
, .
ӫԫѮ
䫽
2- ѡ
ū߽ ѡ . ǽ- ٬ 쿬 (߬)
ٽ ѡ ԫټ ѡ.
ӫټ, ԫ "ѽ , ԫӫ Ѽߴ".
Կ ս . ġ ߴ ߽Ҫѡ,
߽, ѡ ѡ ߽߬ .
ԫ ӫὫ : ߬ ٽ ѡ ԫѽѼ .ѡ
, ת-߬ ., .ѡ
ӫԫѮ
䫽
ԫѽ
1954
Ѽ, 1954. ٽ ѡ .ӫ߬
, ӫ-߬ ., .ӫ߬, Ӭ
ӫԫѮ
䫽
ԫѽ, ٮ ӫ߬ , Ѭ ѻտ ( 1957.)
1954
1978
ߴ
1
ӫ߬ . ӫ߽Ҫ Ѻ Ὣ Ѭ.
ġ ٽ ạѡ ԫѽѼ Ӭ ټ ӫ߬
.
1957. ӫ߬ ӿٽ ٬ ߿ (ӡ) ӡٮ տѮ
ǽ-Կ߬ ѻտ, Ѽ ٽ Ἣԫѽ
ӫ߬ տ. . ٽ ạѡ ѬѼ ѻտ.
߫ ի Ѯ.
ԫ 1957. ٽ ѡ ӿѮ Ἣԫ.
٬ ߿ ߽ ѻ ԡѡ. 쿬 ٽ
Ѻ ạ߿ ԫ.
. ԫ ߫ӫ ٬ Ѻ ѻտ.
1960. ӫ߬ ѻտ ٽ ӫ, ٬ ߿ ѽ
ǽ-. ٬ ߿ ٽ Կٮ ѡ.
ի ӫ . ӫԫ ߿ ߫ .
٬ ѫԡ ӿ . ӿ ǽ- ߽Ҫ
߫. ѻ ѡ Ἷ.
. ߿ ӫ ӫ߬
ѻ ߽Ҫ. ٽ ѻӿԡѮ, ӫ Ѽ.
߬ Ѫ .
Ѽ:
". ٽ ѽѬ үڿ. Ҫ ӿ Ѽ ٽ
ԫӪѡ, ߽ Ἣ .
ġ ѡ ߽ ѻӫ ի. ӫ ߽
߽Ҫټ ". ( Ŵᬫ ..).
" ޡ Ե ߬ӫ. ٽ Ӵѡ
ӫԫ . Ҫڿ ӿի, , իӿ, ٽ ѡ
ѽѡ. ѡ ߬ӫٮ , ѽ Ӭ ߽Ҫ ٽ
ѽѡ ߬ ᬫ .
. ѡ ᡫ. Ѯ Դ,
ߴ ᡫ ǡѴ ӿ߬, ߽ . ѵ իӫޫ ѽ.
߫ѡ իӫޫ ѽ ӿ ߽Ҫѡ ٬ ߿. ԫ ѽ!
ԫ !" ( Ѯ ի ެ ..).
. Կ ߽Ҫ ߽Ҫ ԫ ӿի
, ߽Ҫ, , ߽ ٽ.
Դ ٽ , ԫ ѡ
.
. ѡ Ե. ߫ѡ
.ᡡ ԫ .ѫ ӡ. ԫ Ѽ ٽ
ѡ , Կ ѡ һ , ѻᡡ ,
, Ѽ ԫ ӿ, ի.
. ѽ ӫ. ӫ ٽ ի ӫ. ġ
, ӿ ߽Ἷ. ٽ
ٮ ԫ, ڿ ӿѽٮ. ԫ ,
ѻ, Ѯ ߬Ӭ, ԫ Ѽ, ԫ ٽ Ӵ , ᡫ իӫޫ
.
. ߡ߬ ѡ ӿի.
ġ Ҽѽ , ѡ Ӫ.
Կ ߽ѡ ., ի
Ҫ ߽, ߫. ӿի . ӫἿ .
"ġ ѽ Ὣ, , ӫ, ᬫ ӫ-ӫ...".
. ڿ Ѻ.
ӿիᡫ , ԫ ٽ , ٽ
ӫ . Կ ӫ߿ ߽ѡ
., ӫ ӫ.
ӿիᡬ ٽ ի ѡ߿, ᵿ ߫.
ū ߽ѡ . ӫӿӫ, ӫ , ӫ
89 .
. ٽ Ѭߡټ Ѽ, ڿ Ե. , Դ
߬ Ѽ ޫ Ѽ ٽ ެ . ġ
Ѽ ټ ߫Ἷ. 忽 , "ټ Ἷ ټ
Ѽ ߽ ".
ӫӡٮ ӫԫѮ ߽Ҫѡ ӿ Ԭ ߬ ,
. 58 ߴ ӿԫ.
1960. ٽ ѡ ӫ.
1969. ٽ ԫѡ " ߽Ҫѡ ټ Ἷ"
ԯѼ ٽ ӫ ߽ ӫ.
߽ . ԫ ѽ.
1976. Ѽ ٽ ӫѡ ᵿ (ѡ ἡѮ ҺӴ),
ҽѡ ߫ԫ ӫ ӫ.
ټ ߽ѽ, -ᬿ ߴ Ἣ Կ ߽Ҫ,
Ѻ ߽Ҫѡ ӿѡ ῡ.
1978. ѽ . ӿ ԫ ӫ߿ տѴ
Ѽ ߽Ҫ. ԫ ѡ ٽ Ѽ ᡫ
ӫ
, ӫ-߬ ., .ӫ߬
1978
ѡ
14
ߴ
8
ѡ
1960
ѡ
2
ߴ
4
Ѽ ѡ
Ѯ ӿ ǽѬ߿ I (濼߬)
ٽ ѡ ߽ ԫ Ӭ
߽Ҫѡ ӿ Ԭ ߬ " ..."
ѡ
1969
ѡ
9
ߴ
4
諡
1978
ѡ
14
ߴ
8
ԫ
, ӫ-߬ ., .ӫ߬
ԫ իӫѡ
, ӫ-߬ ., .ӫ߬, ӫ߬
12 1978. . Դѽ ѽ Ҫ ߴ ѽ.
14 ӫ ӿԿߴ ӿԫ ῡ, ӫ ߬ߴ.
߽үڿ ѡ ӫ ѽ ٽ Ѻѡ Ӭ, ԫ Ὣ
ѽ ߫ տ.
16 1978. ٽ ߫ѡ Ի ӿ ӫ ѡ ӿի.
ūիӫѡ ӫ߬
ᵿ
1.
" ἴ ү ...". 110-Կ ߫ ɫѡ ӫԫѴ ߬, ԫѽ .ӫ߬. ӫ߬, 2005.
ѽ
1.
翼 쿡 , ߽ѽ
(c) . ҽ