ѫ߿ ( ӫ)
Ἷ
ӫѡ
1862
ѡ ӫѡ
4
ߴ ӫѡ
11
ԫ ӫѡ
Ӽ߬ .
ӫտ
ɫߴ ԡ, Կ Ѽ
ӿ .
ԫӡ ߴ ӫѡ 4 Ӵ 1862., ߡᡡ ᡡ
տ [
4
]. ԫ ԫ Ҭ ӫѡ
4 Ӵ 1868.
ѫ߿ ߬ ߴ Ѵߡټ ߬ѡټ.
ߡټ ԫ ߬ ѡ Ѽ ߴ ѡڿ,
ӿ Ѽ, ᬪ ߫ѡ, ߡᡡ . Կ Կ ԫ
ӫԿ ߫Ӫ ԫӡ ᡡ.
"ԯެ".
ӫ Ӫ, ԫ ߫Ѽ , ٮ ի
ټ, ѫټ ẫ ҽ . ġ -ԫ ѽ
Ӫ ѽ ᪿἿ, ߴ . ƫ Ѻ
Կ ᪿ , ӫѽ
. Կ, ԫ ӫѽѮ ԫ ,
ү ѽ. ᪿӫ ٽ Ὣ, ԫ ,
ߴ ѽ
ԫ
[
1
]
[
2
]
[
3
]
[
4
]
[
5
]
[
6
]
[
7
]
[
8
]
.ѻ.ѫ߿ ߬
ԫ߬ ѡ. ꬫ
ӫտ ѫ߿ ( ӫ)
ӫ ѫ߿ ԫѽ ѽ ūѡ ӿ
.ѫ߿ ԡټ Ѽ
ѵ ѫ߿ ߽
ӫ ߫ ӵѼ ѫ߿Ѽ, 1948.
ڿ ѻ.ѫ߿ ߬ ԫ-ᮽ߬ .ߡٮ Һѽ
[
1897.
]
[
1897.
]
[
1931.
]
[
1931-1948.
]
Ҭѡ
ѫ߿
ԫ
ѵ, , ѽ ūѡ ԡ ū ӿ
Ҫѡ
ѵ, , ѽ ūѡ ԡ ū ӿ
䫽
߽ޡ
1889
1897
ѽߴ ѽ ūѡ ԡ ū ӿ,
ӿѪѮ ߬ ӯ.
ԫѽѼ ѽ ٽ ߬ ӫѡѵ, ѡٮ ߬ ѵ Ҽѡ
ᡡ.
ū , ѽ, ӫ߿ ٺ Ҽѡ ᡡ ߬ Ѽ:
"ӿ ѡ , ѡ ߴ ѽ".
ӫ, ߴ Ἣ, ٽ ߽, ߽ Ҽѡ
߽ޡ.
ӿ ԫ ѫիԿ. ū , , ӻ ᬫ
ѡ ӫѽ, , Կ , ӿߡ,
ߴ Ѽ. ѽ ߫ ߵѽѡ Ӫ
ټ ի, ԫӫ ٽ ѡ ߡ, ԫ ߵѽ
.
ū߽ ԫ Կ .
Ҽѡ ᡡ ٽ Ԭԫ, ԫ ӫѽ, ߽
߬.
ӫѽѮ Ӽ, ѡ ߽ѡ, ٽ
ӿѡ ѡѼ ѫ߿
Ҭѡ
ӫ
1897
ѡ
12
ߴ
12
ԫ
ѵ, , ѽ ūѡ ԡٴ ū ӿ
ԫ Ҭ
ӫ 쿽 (漿ӡԫҽ), ߬ ߬
ӫ 쿽 (漿ӡԫҽ), ӻ߬ ߬, ߽ѡ
߬ ӵ ᡡ, Ҭ .ѫ߿ ӫᬫ,
ӫ ѡѼ ӿ , ӿ ѽ ѽ
տ Ѽ , ᬪ ӿѼ
Ҫѡ
ѵ, , ѽ ūѡ ԡ ū ӿ
ӫ
䫽
ԫѽ ( 1901.)
1897
ѡ
12
ߴ
12
1901. ԫѽ ѽ ӫ ᡡ ߬ߴ, "Ѽ ߽
Ѽѡ ѡ .ѫ߿"
ѵ, .諡Կ, ߬ ᡡӿٮ ūѡ ԡ ӿ (ӫ߽Ҫ 5 )
ӫ
ū Ὣ ӿ ߬ Ὣ. ū ԡ .ѫ߿
ӿ ڿ, ѯڿ Ҫ, ѽ ١Ѯ, ѻ
Ҽѡ. ū Ὣ ӫ, ԫ ӿѺ
ӫ, ԫӿѽԿ. ߬ѡ, ԫ ᬫ
߽ .ѫ߿.
諡Կ .ѫ߿ ߽Ҫ, Ἣ ӫ Ѯ ѽ,
ԫ ߫ ԫӫ 諡Կ߬ ӿ, ..
߫ѡ ٽ ѡ: ѵ ѽ, ѡ ٽ
իߴ Ѯ Կ, 諡Կ, ѽ
ӿ
Կ, .
ӫ
߿, ԫ .ѫ߿ ߴԫ ߴ
ԫߴ ߴ ѡ ߿ѽ ߫ Ҭ,
ԡү ի ԡٮ .
ūӫԿ ߽Ҫѡ .ѫ߿ ѿԡ. ᬫ ߽
ԫӫ߬ ѡ .ѫ߿ ߴ.
.ѫ߿ ᬫߴ 15-ԡѮ 쿬Կ, ӿѮ
߫ Ѯ Žԡӫ߬ ѡ ټ ,
ӿ ߫
ѵ, , ѽ ūѡ ԡ ū ӿ
ӫ
䫽
ԫѽ ѽ
.ѫ߿ ӡҽߴ ѽ, իү .
麴 ߫ ( ٽ ѫ Ҫ߬ ԯ
Ҫ߬ ), ѫ߿ ᬫѡ ߬ .
Ѭ ٽ ߬ ѡ , ѽ ӫ߿ ӫѡ
ߡիѡ 迡 ԫ .
.ѫ߿ ٽ
諡Կ
ӫ
ū- ߽ ѫ߿ 諡Կ. Ѽ
ӿٽ
Կ, .
ӫտ
1909
1913
ӿ ѽү տ ѡѼ ѡ ѫ߿.
ū ӫ߽ , Ὣ ɫ߿ ӿٽ
߬ ѡ, ڿ Žԡӫ, ӫ .ѫ߿.
ūᬫ .ѫ߿Ѽ, ս ѡ
ɫ ߬ ѡ Ѻ .ѫ߿ ɫ߿
ӫ
ӡٮ , ӫ߬ , ѡ Žԡӫ
1913
ū߽ ѡ ɫ߿ .ѫ߿ ѡ ѡ Žԡӫ
Ҫѡ
ӡٮ , ԫӫ߬ ѡ߬ ߬
ӫ
, .߬, ԫ ɫᡫ߬ (١ .ӫԬ)
ӫ
ߡ߬ , ١ ӡѡ߬ ѽ "Ѽ Ҭ"
ӫտ
1917
1925
ߡ߬ .ѫ߿ ѽߴ Ӵ Ѽ "Ѽ Ҭ".
Ѽ Ҭ Ѯ 1 1916. ӫ տ
ӿ (䫼), ѫ ߬ ߽.
ᬫ ߬ .ѫ߿ ѽߴ Ѻ ӡٮ, ԫ
Ѽ Ҭ.
ӡ ѽ ߬ ߬ ߫: , .
ū , ߯, .ѫ߿ Ѽ Ѯ Ѯ ի ἡ,
ߴ, ԫ Ҽ , Ӭ. ū߽ ԫ Ѽ
Ҭ ԫ, ѡ .
ԫ .ѫ߿ ӫ ү Ӭ ӫӡ.
߬ տ Ӵ -ӫԬ
ǡ , ԫ ի ӿ ӵ, ѽ
Ѽ ԫ, Ҭ߿ Կ. .ѫ߿ ԡ
߽ ӫӽԿ .
ٽ ѡ ӫ . ū .ѫ߿ Ԭٽߴ
ԫ (ެ ѽ), ԫٮ Ѽѡ ߬.
ӡ ѽ ӿѺ , ԫ Ҫߴ ի Ӽѡ,
ӫԫ ѡ ߫.
.ѫ߿ ӫ ի ӫѡ. , ߵѽ
ѺѮ, ߽. Ѽ ԡ߿ߴ ԿѼ,
ѡ. ġ , ԫ ᬫ ӫ Ѽ Կߴ,
ѽ ү ߫.
-ԫ ӵ Կ տ, Ҵ Դѽү
߬Ѯ. .ѫ߿ Կ Ѯ: " , ӫ ".
ӿѺ -ԫ ١ ѽѬ ٽ,
Դѽټ ԡ . ԯެ ,
, ԫ .
ᬫ Ѽ ԯެ ߫߿ߴ ỽ ᴡټ ߽ѺἿ.
ѵ ѽ, ӿ Ѽ Ҫ ԡ ӿ:
"Կ Կ Ѯ տ".
ū߽ ԫ ѡ ԫ Ѽ ѽ . ߫ :
Ҫ , ӫ߿ ٽ, ѽ ߬ ѡ ٽ
߫ѡ ӫ! ġ ӫ߿ߴ ѡ ӿ .
ԯެ ߬: " !"
Ὣ, ԫ ԯެ ١ ӿѺὫ , ѡ ӡ
.
.ѫ߿ ԡ ԿѬ Ἣ, , ߴ.
Ѭԫӫ Ѽ .ѫ߿ ӿߡ.
ū ߽, һ .. ٽ ի
.. ӿѺ ١, ѽ .ѫ߿ Ҽѡ, ԫ
ӿ.
ѵ ߫ Ӽ Ὣ ӫҬἿ ӿѺ.
ū Կ Կ: " Ӭ, ߫ߴ ߽Ҫѡ, Ѯ
ᬫ ".
.ѫ߿ ߬ Ѽ ѡ. ӫѡ ѽ,
.ѫ߿ ߬: " ի Ѽ, ᬪ ԫ ,
ԫ"
ߡ߬ , ١ ӡѡ߬ ѽ "Ѽ Ҭ"
1925
ߴ
3
1925. .ѫ߿ ߬ , ߬ Ի߬.
ū ӫ , ѡ 1925., ԯެ ,
ѡ ѽ ѡ߬ Ҵ ߡ ԫ.
ѵ ỽ ߬:
"欫 , ߴ, ߴ ԫ ".
Կ ߬ ١.
ԫ Ѽ . ӫ ѡ ӫ߿߬ ߬,
߫ߴ. " ", ߴ ѵ. ġ ế, Ҽٽ
ӿѽ ếѽ, ԫ ߫ӫԿ, ԫ ᬫӼ,
ӿ߽Ҫ. 髮 ѽ, , ѬԿ ԫӫ,
߽ ӿүڿ. ެ ỽ.
" ߬, ӿ . ߿ѽ Կ , ",
ѵ.
ū߽ ԯެ ١ ẫ, ԫ-, ١
Ὣ ެ, ߬ .ѫ߿.
.ѫ߿ ٽ Ѻѡ ԯ .ӫ߿߬.
ū ᡡټ [
3
] .ѫ߿ ٽ ԫ 1925., 1927. իߴ
߽Ѽ Ӵ 1929.
Ҫѡ
.
/01
/1929
ӿ
3 Ѯ
ᬽѡ
ߡ߬ , .ӫ߿߬, ߽ѡ ѽѡ ԯ
1925
1929
ߡ, ԯ
ū߽ ߽ .ѫ߿ ٽ Իѡ ٽ.
Ѻ Ѻ ӫ߿߬, ߡ, ɫԫ
ɫԫ, ԯ
ԫѡ .ѫ߿ Կ ѿԡ. ū Ѭԫټ ѡ,
櫽 ԫ, ӫѼ, Ὣӫԡ, Һ 櫽ѵ
Ӵ ߫ ạѡ ѡ ߴ
ӡٮ
1931
.ѫ߿ ѽ ѽѡ ӡٮ , Ѽ
ի . , ԯެ ߴ, ѡ. "ġ ٽ
߫Ѽ ӫѡ, ѡ, ѡ" . ġ ѽ
, ԫ ᡡ, ߽Ҫ ԯެ.
.ѫ߿ ӫٽ ٽ 6 .
ӫ ߴ, , ߽ѡ
ӵ ի ެ , ԫ Ѯ
ӿѽ Ԭ, ѡ ԯެ
ӫ
ӫ߬ , .
1931
1948
ѡ
8
ߴ
8
Ҭѽ ᮡ ߬ ڿ.
Ѭᵿ ӫ (ӫ߬) Ѽ .ѫ߿ ӿ.
ӿѪ "ѻڿ".
߫ ᮡٮ ٮ , ߫ ߽Ҫѡ.
ū ӿԿ .ѫ߿ ӿ ӫ.
ġ ի ҽ ԡ ެ, , Կ
"ެ Һ", ӿ ӿἿ, ԡټ Ѯ.
ԫ , ԫ ߫, ӿ, ߽ ,
ԫ ߽ Կ, ԫ ѡ .
.ѫ߿ ٽ ԡ ѡ
ɫ߿. ġ ߴ ڿԡ ɫ һѡ , Ѽ
, ԫ Ѽ Ԭ ѡ Ѭԫ .
ߴ ӫ, Ӻѡ ӫ, ế Ѯ.
Ѽ ӿһ , ӫѽ ᬫ ߽. ӫ-ӫ,
߫Ѽ -ӿ߬, ߬ ӿ ҽ
ҽ Դ: "ҽ-ҽ! , ԫ! !" Կ
Ѫ Һ, ѽ . ԫ Ѽ ߡӴ
Ӵ ߬ . ԫ ѽ
ӫӽٮ ѵ.
߽ .ѫ߿ ߽ޡἿ ޫ Ԭ. ġ Կ
Ѽ Ѫ, , ӿᡡ ӫ. ūԿ Ѽ
. ի Ѯ:
" Ѽ ߽ Ԭ ѡ ".
Կߴ ԫ ԫ, Ҽ .
ѽ Ὼ. ūӫ Ѻ ߴ ߽ Ѻ ,
Ἳ ԬἿ . ԫ
Ԭӫѡ ᡡ ߽: "ƫ "
諡
1948
ѡ
8
ߴ
8
ԫ
ӫ߬ , .
ԫ իӫѡ
ӫ߬ , . , ӫ
߬ Ѯ ԯެ ѽ. ġ Ѫ ӿ:
"Ѻ ӿ ѵ ". Ҽ, ԫ ӿ Ѽ ,
ӿ Ѯ .
Ѻ Ѯ ѵ ӫ߿, ԫ Ѻ Ӭ ūӫ
Ѯ ӿ. Ҭ Ѻ Ὤ. Ҭ ѫếߴ,
߿ ѺѼټ ԫ... ߬ ߫ Ӵ ѡ ߴ
Ҭѻѡ ѡ ߬ ߽ Ӭ. ġ ѽ
߽Ѻ.
ԫ ѡ Ѻ .ѫ߿ ߴ, ѽ ҽ, ߫ Ѯ.
(ġ Ѯ ). , ᬫ , ,
ӫٮ. ѡ ߡ ߽ ߴ.
ū߽ޡ ǡԫ ߬:
" , Ӵ , .ѫ߿ :
" . ӫ""
ᡫᵿ
ѻٮ ӫտ ѫ߿ ()
25/04/1995
Ѽ ᡫӫ
Ѵ ѫ (䫬Ҭ), ӫ ӫ߬ ߬
ԡԿٮ ԫ ӫ߬ ѻտ.
ӫ:
Կ ӿ ߿, ѡ, ԫ
ӫ ߴ ߿, Ἣ Կ ӫ
Կߴ, ɫ߿߬ү Ѽ Կߴ ߿.
ӫ ѡ Ἷ, ӫ
߽ Ҭѻٮ, ѻ ѫ߿,
ӿ , Ҭѻ , ڿ, ߽,
Ѽ ӫ, , .
諡:
߯ ӿ ߿, ѻ ѫ߿,
, ԫ ӫ , , Ӫ,
ӫ, Ѽ ԫѡ ӻѽ ߿ .
Ѽ ӿԫ ԿѼ Դ Կ,
١ ӫ ӿի ӫ
ӫ߿. ѫ߿, ٮ, ߴ ߫ѡ
߽, Ҽѡ ѡ
䡿 ἴԿ
ٮ Կ
26.07
ٮ Կ
08.08
ѡ ѡ
ū߽ Կ ӵ , ἴ ߡ
ߵѽѡ . ߬ ߡ ѡ .
1962. ԫѽѼ ūӫ߬ ٽ ߽Ҫѡ ӫ үڿ
ѡ տ ӵ ѫ߿
ڿ ӵ ѫ߿ ٽ ѡ 11 ѽ 1995. ѻտ ߿Ѯ
իѡ Ὣ߬ ѡѡ ԫ-ᮽ߬
.ߡٮ ѽ. ߡ߬ ١ ӵ ѫ߿
ԫ ߫, ԫӫ Ѫѡѽ ԫӡ ԡ ߽Ҫߴ ѡ
ѻ ѫ߿, ԫٮ ߫ߴ Ѯ. ɴ ԫ,
ѡټ ӵ ѫ߿, ӫ
ߴ Ѯ ӿ "ߡٮ ԫ".
1998. ڿ ӵ ѫ߿ ٽ ѡѡ ߫ᡡٮ
߫ ūӫ Ѯ ӿ, ߫ ԫӫ ߴ ѵ
ᵿ
1.
"߬ ԯެ" ӫտ ѫ߿. .: Ѫҡӫٮ ѽ߬ ѡ ߽ , 1994. .89.
2.
ǡ ߬. ᮡ ӵ ѫ߿: "߬ ԯެ" ѻ ѫ߿ ߬. .: ߽ٮ Ὣ, 1997.
3.
ū߿ԡ , . Կ ѻ ѫ߿ ߬// ӫ߬ . ӫ, 1998. . N 8(17). .1,2.
4.
鿬 ء. ѫ߿ ߬.
<https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/...>
ѽ
1.
Ѽѡ 信 ᮽ
信 ᮽ ߽ .ѫ߿ ӿ߽
ӿ .ѫ߿
2.
ҡ ӿ ᡫ
(c) . ҽ