(
*
)
ǽѬ ӫ
Ἷ
ӫѡ
1880
ѡ ӫѡ
19
ߴ ӫѡ
11
ԫ ӫѡ
߬ . (Կ, ߫߬ .), .
ӫԫѮ
ɫߴ ߬ Ѽ. 1894. ߫߬ү ү Ѽ߬ү ެ.
ԫ
[
1
]
[
2
]
[
3
]
ӫԫѮ ǽѬ ӫ
ѡѡ߬ ӫ ӫѪ߬, ߽ ԫ ߽Ҫѡ .ǽѬ
.ǽѬ ѡѡ߬ ӫ ӫѪ߬
[
1907.
]
[
1907-1911.
]
[
1911.
]
[
1935-1939.
]
[
1939-1943.
]
[
1946-1954.
]
[
1954-1955.
]
[
1955-1967.
]
ẫ
Ѻ߬ ԫӫߡ ެ
1898
1900. Ӫ ѽ Ӭ-ӿի߬ ެ ӿ
ẫ߬ ի
ӫ
Կ, .٬
1900
1907
ԫ ѽѼ ٬߬ ެ Կ
Ҭѡ
ᬫ
1907
ѡ
27
ߴ
5
1907. 25 Ӫ ݬѡ ѡ ӿ ߬ ի Ѽӿ
ѽѡ ᬫ߬ү ߿ ѽ իѡ.
27 1907. ٽ Ҭѡ ᬫ
Ҫѡ
߬ ., ӽ߬ ., .իѡ
ᬫ
䫽
Ҫ ߿ 2- ӽ߬ Ѻ, ᬫѽ
1907
ߴ
5
1911
19071918. ٽ ᬫѽѼ ެ
Ҭѡ
Ѯ
1911
ѡ
14
ߴ
8
Ҫѡ
߬ ., ẫ߬ ., .ԫ
Ѯ
䫽
ᬫѽ
1911
ѡ
14
ߴ
8
1912
ѡ
5
ߴ
12
.ǽѬ ٽ ѽѬ ӫ ߽ټ, ߿ իټ Խߴ
Ѽ ߡ ߽, ӫ ӫ, Ҫѡ Ѫѡ.
ġ Ӵ ѵѽ ߴ ߬ ߽Ҫѡ.
Կ ߫ ạѡ Կ ᬫѽ
Ҫ ߿
߬ ., ẫ߬ . (߬ , ߡ߬ .), .߿߬
Ѯ
䫽
ԫѽ
1912
ѡ
6
ߴ
12
ū߽ 1917., Դѽ Ѽѡ, Ѻ ѫ
ѻѡ ӫ ѡ ߬ , .ǽѬ ߴ ,
ԫ Ӫ Կ߬ ߬ Ѻ.
ū ѽ ӫ ߫ , ԫ ٽ ߬
ᵿ "ѽ Կ ". .ǽѬ Կ ,
߽ү .
߬ ӿ ӿ:
"ٽ ԯެ ӿ , ԫӫ ԫ տ
ѽ, ӿѼ ߽ Ѽ
ӫ, Ἷ . ٽ ԫ ԯެ,
ԫү ѽټ ẫ, ԫ Ѻ
Ἵѡ. ġ ѽ Ὼ ἴԿ.
ի ԫ, ԫ Ѭԫ Կԫ Ԭ Կ ,
ӿ .ǽѬ".
Կ ѡ ٽ ѡ ᬫ Ѵѽ ѽ߬ ѡ,
"" .
1931. һ 400 . Ὣ .ǽѬ ѼѮ, ԫӫ ٽ
Ѽӫ Ѯ, ٽ ߬ ӡټ
ӫἿ, ᡴ, ޡ ѽ ӫ , Ҽ 433 .
ѽ .߿߬ ԡ ѽ Դ ӫ ӫ
ٽ ѡ Ѽ .ǽѬ. ԫ . Ѽ .ǽѬ
ѽ ӫ , ѽ .
ԫ ޡ ߿ᵿ .ǽѬ ի ӫԫ ,
ڿ. ġ ӿ߬ ߬ Ѽ үڿ ,
ӫ Ԭ . սԡ ӿ Ҽӽ, Ӫ Ҫߡ
߽. .ǽѬ, ӿ ӿ, ӿ
߽ Ѯ . ӫ ѡ ӿ, ի Ҽӽ
ӫ ԿѬ.
Դ Ѭԫӫ Ѽ ѡ Ѽ ߬ ҽ.
.ǽѬ ѡ߬ ѴѽԿ Ӵ ߽ Ѯ.
10 1934. Կ ߫ "", ԫӫ ѡ ٽ
1 ѽ ԯެ:
"ӫ ӫԫ 20 ., Ѭ 5 ., 2 ., ӽѬ 4 .,
ҽ 1 ѡԡ, ѽѺ 1 ѡԡ, Ѻ 5 ,
3 ѡԡ, 10 ѡԡӫ"
ѡ
ѡ
1917
߬
ѡ
1921
Ἷ
ѡ
1925
ߡٮ
ѡ
1930
Ҭѡ
ӫԫѮ
1935
Ҫѡ
߬ ., ẫ߬ . (߬ , ߡ߬ .), .߿߬
ӫԫѮ
䫽
ԫѽ
1935
1937
ߴ
8
߬ , ߡ߬ ., .߿߬
1937
ѡ
17
ߴ
8
ӫѽѽѮ .ǽѬ ٽ ӫӫ,
ѡ , "" ԫӫ ٽ ԫ 1937.
ѡ .ǽѬ ӫ ߽ Ҫ ߬ӫ ߬
Ӵѡ
Ҫѡ
ѵ 諽 ի ߬
05
/11
/1937
.5810 .1
ӿ
10 ѡѼ ѽ 5 (Ѻ ߬ᵿ )
ᬽѡ
߬ , ߡ߬ ., ԯ
1937
ѡ
17
ߴ
8
1937
Ѽ ߽ իߴ ԡ ԯ. ߽ ٽ
ѽ. ġ ѽ Ѽ, ڿ Ἷ, ӫ
߿ѡ ᬽѡ, ӻѽ , ի.
.ǽѬ ߴ ѡ Ԭߴ Ӭ ѡ
.
ū Ѽ ӫ߽ ԫ ѡ
ӫӫ. ӫӫ ٽ Ҫ ᮡ ѡ ߿ Ӻ ,
ԯެ ǽѬ ٽ ߽Ѯ Ѯ ի, ߫ѽ .
ӫӫ ٽ ԫ ӫ, ԫ ѡ , ӫ
ԫ ߽Ѻ, ӫ߿ ӫѡ.
ٽ ᬫ ߽. ѡ ԫ ߴ .ǽѬ:
Ѽ ѡ ѽѬ, . ԯެ ԫѽ
߫ԫ Ѽ " ". ԫ ? Ѻ Ѭԫӫ Ѽ ٽ Իѡ
, ԫᡡٮ. ᬽѡ իӫޫ ԡ߿
.ǽѬ ӫ
߬ , .Ѻ, Ѻ߬
1939
ѡ
14
ߴ
6
ԯެ ᬽѡ ߬ . ġ Ѽ
-ԫ , -ԫ ѽ Ѫ, ѻᡡ ߴ.
, Ѫ Ѽ , ԫ ա
ҽ ߫ӡ ҽἿ ӿἿ:
"ӿ ѡ ԫ ҡ, ԫ !". ١߿
ӿ.
14 1939. ٽ ѡ ߫ԫ ӫ
ӫ
߬ , ߬ ., ҽ߬ ߫ҡ
1939
ߴ
6
1943
ū߽ ѡ 1943. ԫӫѼ Ѭӡ ҽ߬ ߫ҡ
Ҫѡ
߬ , .ѡ ѽ
ӫԫѮ
1946
߬ , .
ӫԫѮ
߬ , .ū
ӫԫѮ
߬ , .ٽٽ-ѽ
ӫԫѮ
1947
1947. ѡ ӫѡ
߬ , ߡ߬ ., .߿߬
ӫԫѮ
䫽
ԫѽ
1948
1949
ߴ
6
߬ , ߡ߬ ., .߿߬
1949
ѡ
11
ߴ
6
Ҫѡ
諽 ټ ѽ ի ߬
30
/09
/1949
ӿ
25 ߬ᵿѮ , ѡѡ 6 ߬ᵿѮ
ᬽѡ
߬ , ԯ
1949
ѡ
11
ߴ
6
1954
ӫ߽߬ .
1954
1954
ԿѮ ԫ ߽ իѡ .ǽѬ ٽ Իѡ ừ
ӫ߽߬ү . ᬫ-ԫ ٽ ᬽѡ
߿Ἷ Խ. Խ- ٽ ԫ, ѡ
ޡ ѽ. ѡ Ѽ, ߽ ԫ.
ᬫѵ, Ὣ ԫ ӫ ѡ.
ҽ ԫ , ԫ ѽ . ԫ ӫὫ
Ѭԫӫ Ѽ, ѡ ԫ ѡ ӿٽ ѵ ѻѮ ἡԿ
ԫᡡ. ᬫ ἡԿ ừ ԫᡡ, ӫ
ߴ ѽټ ѡ, ߽ ԫ ٽ .ǽѬ.
Ҽѡ ѡ .ǽѬ Ѽ ٽ ỿᡫ:
" ᡡ ѽ .ѡ. ᡫ ӫ
ԫ 20.008.1954., .ѡ Ү߬ ..
ѡ ᡫ"
ӫ
ѡ, ߬, 11
1954
1955
ū߽ ѡ ѽ ѡ ѡү үߴ ԫ Ѽѡ
ӿ ǽѬӫ, Ҫ ԫӫ ٽ ѡټ ߽Ҫ ѡѡ߬
Կӿ߬ ѽߴ .
Ѻ ߽ ӿԿ ѡ .ǽѬ ٽ ạѡ ԫѽѼ Ӭ
쿬-ӫ ߿߬ ᮫ ߬ , , , ߫ԫ
ӫ ٽ Ӫѡ һѡټ. 1955. .ǽѬ ӫ
Ҫѡ
߬ , .߬
ӫԫѮ
1955
1959
ѡ
8
ߴ
12
ѡ 19551959. ߽Ҫ ԫ ӿի ѻտ, ԡټ
ѡ ߫ӡ Ӭ .߬.
8 ѬӴ 1959. ѽ ߬ ѡ ӿ
ѡ, ӫᡫ߬ Ӭ
ӫԫѮ
٬ ѫ߿ (ū߬) ӿ ԫѽѼ
ᬫ- ӿի Կ.
.ǽѬ Կ ߫߿Ѽ ԫ ѡ ӿ Ѻ:
Ҭ ߿ Ӵ߽, ߴ ӫ ߫ ټ Ἷ.
ū߽ .ǽѬ ߽߫Ҫ ӫᡫ߬
ӫ
ѡ, ߬, 11
1959
1967
ѡ
28
ߴ
5
ū ߫Ѯ:
"ūԫ ԯެ ߽Ҫ. ѡټ ի ߴ.
ӿի . ӿ, Ӵ Ե, :
", ߽, Ѽ ?".
Կ Ѯ:
"ѡ, .... ԫ ߽Ѻ, ߽Ѻ Կ... "".
ү Ѽѡ ӫԫѮ ӫ Ѻѡ , Ѯ ѡ
ѽѮ. ӿ, ӿի , Կ ԯެ Ҫ ԫ
... Ե ǽѬ ѽ Ҫ 87-
諡
1967
ѡ
28
ߴ
5
ԫ
ѡ
ԫ իӫѡ
ѡ, ߽ .ӫ ӫѪ߬
ӿ ӿ:
" , ӿ :
"ӿ.... , ᬫ Խٮ. , ԫ,
ԫ ԫ ѽ . 䫽 ԫ ѽ ѡ
ᬿ ڿ Ἷ, ԫ ӿ:
" ԫ, , ߫ߴ!""
Ѻ Ѭԫӫ Ѽ, 28 1967. ԯެ Կի ԫѽ
߬ӫ իߴ ߽ .ӫ ӫѪ߬.
ӿ ӿ ӫ ԫ ӡ ѽ ,
ԫټ .ǽѬ ߴ ߯
ѽ
1.
ѽ Ѯ ӫ, ߽ѽ
ӿ:
Ӭ-ԫӿ߬ ѡѡ߬ ѻտ (Ӫ߬ ..);
ӿ ǽѬӫ , ӿ .ǽѬ;
߫ ǡ ӿ;
ѡ ᬽѡ Ӽ 8- N 0046969;
ᵿ;
䫬Ҽѡ ۴Կ ի;
䫬Ҽѡ ߿ ;
Ǭ ۴Կ
䫬Ҽѡ
1.
ѡ ѻ߿ӫᡡ ӿ Ӵ ߬ ߽ Ӭ ߬-߬ ѻտ ߫߬ ӿ
(
*
)
߬ " ӿ ", , . 1997., 698.
(c) . ҽ